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The global prison population has remained steady, at 11·5 million in 2025.1 However, the proportion of women who are incarcerated is continuing to rise at an alarming rate.1,2 More than 733 000 women and girls are incarcerated worldwide, with the female prison population increasing by 57% since 2000.1,2 Steep increases are observed in South America (Brazil), Central America (El Salvador and Guatemala), and southeast Asia (Cambodia and Indonesia).
1 INTRODUCTION Drug and alcohol (D&A) use has long been identified as a contributing factor to criminal justice system engagement. Substance use disorder is common among people in prison worldwide [1]. It is defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition as when an individual's substance use meets 2 of 11 possible criterion which cover physical dependence, risky use, social problems and impaired control [2].
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