J., and D. F.Stone. 2026. “Hostile Campaign Rhetoric and Electoral Outcomes.” Social Science Quarterly107, no. 3: e70152. Banks, https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.70152 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement All data and code are available at https://osf.io/frbtk/overview. References , and . 2016. “Negative Campaigning in the Social Media Age: Attack Advertising on Facebook.” Political Behavior 38, no. 4: 999–1020. , , , and . 2023.