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Abstract Approximately 15% of the global human population is viremic with human pegivirus (HPgV), a +ssRNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. An unusual feature of HPgV is its ability to persistently infect individuals without causing overt disease or evoking robust immune responses, but this phenomenon is poorly understood due to a dearth of systems for studying HPgV.
Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a common disease in North America, Oceania, and many European countries. In recent years, the incidence of IBD has also been rising in developing countries in Asia, South America, and Africa (Kaplan, 2015; Ng et al., 2017; Windsor and Kaplan, 2019; Hodges and Kelly, 2020).
ABSTRACTExosomes play various roles in host responses to cancer and infective agents, and semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV-1 infection and transmission, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is unclear. Here, we show that SE block HIV-1 proviral transcription at multiple transcriptional checkpoints, including transcription factor recruitment to the long terminal repeat (LTR), transcription initiation, and elongation.
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