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In 2013, widely-reported concerns over possible adverse effects of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine led to a fall in coverage of the vaccine in Japan. HPV vaccination had been introduced from 2010 for girls aged 12–16, and 70% coverage was initially achieved, but after 2013, when the government suspended proactive recommendations, uptake fell to just 1% and remains low, despite no evidence of a causal link between the vaccine and the reported symptoms.
A leading hypothesis for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is that this condition is associated with an imbalance between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA neurotransmission in the brain. To investigate one aspect of GABA signaling, Horder et al. measured the availability of the GABA A receptor in adults with ASD using positron emission tomography. No differences were found compared to control subjects without ASD in two studies performed at different clinical centers.
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