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Articles by Jane Munga
The UN’s AI Agenda Must Prioritize Undersea Cables
The Léon Thévenin near the Buitenratel, Belgium in 2009. Hans Hillewaert/Wikimedia Commons/CC by 4.0 This week, world leaders convene in New York for the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). At the general debate, leaders are expected to make statements that address "complex and interconnected global challenges," and, as in recent years, there will be dialogue on artificial intelligence.
Nuevas arterias del poder: cables submarinos, geopolítica y vulnerabilidad digital
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Subsea Cables, AI Infrastructure, and Africa's Connectivity Gap
In this episode of Interpreting India, Charukeshi Bhatt speaks with Jane Munga, fellow with the Africa Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, on the subsea cable landscape in Africa.
Subsea Cables, AI Infrastructure, and Africa's Connectivity Gap
In this episode of Interpreting India, Charukeshi Bhatt speaks with Jane Munga, fellow with the Africa Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, on the subsea cable landscape in Africa.
The Iran War Has Sparked a Domestic Crisis in Kenya
Blog Emissary harnesses Carnegie’s global scholarship to deliver incisive, nuanced analysis on the most pressing international affairs challenges. Program The Africa Program focuses on economic, political, and transnational issues shaping Africa’s future. By conducting data-driven research, convening high-level dialogues, forging strategic partnerships, and amplifying African voices, the program addresses a crucial knowledge gap on Africa’s role in a changing global environment.
Another Commission for Global AI Governance. How Can It Deliver for Africa?
Rwanda's President Paul Kagame listens during the first-ever Global AI Summit for Africa where more than 1,000 policymakers, business leaders, and interest groups gathered in Kigali, Rwanda, Thursday, April 3, 2025. (AP Photo/Yuhi Irakiza) On July 2, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations specialized agency for digital technologies, launched the AI for Good Global Commission in Geneva.
From How Africa Works to How It Will Transform
Many books speak of Africa; far fewer capture its living realities the way Joe Studwell’s “How Africa Works” does. Studwell set out to answer the question, Can Africa, like Asia, defeat poverty, become prosperous, and play a stronger role in the world? His starting point is that you cannot solve a problem you do not understand, which leads him to two narrower questions: Why is Africa a relatively poor continent, and what policies can accelerate its growth?
A Kenya Technology Prosperity Deal Could Help Washington Secure Durable AI Partnerships with Africa
In a rapidly evolving AI landscape, countries across the globe are seeking to shape the global AI agenda as they benefit from the technology. The United States under President Donald Trump launched America’s AI Action Plan, which frames AI in terms of geopolitical competition and outlines U.S. plans to secure and sustain global leadership. Across Africa, AI ambitions are rising too, although positioned as a tool for socioeconomic development.
The Bigger Problem with the U.S.-Kenya Ebola Deal
Two recent episodes tell a revealing story about the external pressures bearing down on Africa. In May, Zambia bowed to Chinese demands and canceled the human rights and tech summit RightsCon, a capitulation that reverberated across the digital rights community. A month later, Kenyan President William Ruto, in a call with U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, agreed to host a quarantine facility in Kenya for Americans affected by the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
In Addition to Chinese Pressure, a Backsliding Democracy May Explain Zambia’s Decision to Cancel a Major Human Rights Summit
Days before 2,600 human rights defenders, technologists, and policymakers were expected in Lusaka, Zambia, on April 30 and with 1,100 more expected to join them online, the Zambian government called off RightsCon, the world’s largest conference on digital rights.
Locked In: How African Data Protection Laws Move from Shield to Lever
When Kenya’s High Court suspended a bilateral health agreement with the United States in December 2025, domestic law disrupted a $2.5 billion health cooperation agreement. Kenya’s High Court cited a legal framework, including its Data Protection Act of 2019 and Digital Health Act of 2023, to halt the process. That holding was not an aberration. It reflects the intended operation of a broader legal architecture that more than 40 African countries have constructed over the past decade.
Africa’s Digital Infrastructure Imperative
Over the past five decades, African governments have developed policies, laws, and regulations to govern the continent’s digital landscape. Across Africa, legal texts are setting direction and providing safeguards for interactions in the digital economy. To help illuminate this policy landscape in a new and more comprehensive way, Carnegie has created the Africa Technology Policy Tracker (AfTech).
Kenya’s Health Deal Is a Stress Test for the America First Global Health Strategy
Additional Links Program The Africa Program focuses on economic, political, and transnational issues shaping Africa’s future. By conducting data-driven research, convening high-level dialogues, forging strategic partnerships, and amplifying African voices, the program addresses a crucial knowledge gap on Africa’s role in a changing global environment.
South-South AI Collaboration: Advancing Practical Pathways
Across the Global South, governments are reshaping digital strategies to strengthen domestic AI foundations. Increasingly, AI is viewed not as an abstract frontier technology but as a practical tool to accelerate development, improve public service delivery, and strengthen economic competitiveness. From to New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro to , government administrations are testing AI to boost productivity and expand inclusion. Yet entry costs remain high.
99% of the Internet Runs Through These Cables and They’re at Risk
How subsea cable security is evolving across Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. By Erik Brown, Jane Munga, Sophia Besch, Elina Noor Published on November 20, 2025 Nearly 600 fiber-optic cables lie across the ocean floor, quietly carrying 99% of global data and more than $10 trillion in financial transactions every day.
Beneath the Waves: Addressing Vulnerabilities in Africa’s Undersea Digital Infrastructure
Undersea cables, commonly known as submarine cables, play a crucial role in Africa’s digital infrastructure. But recent incidents demonstrated the vulnerability and fragility of Africa’s internet infrastructure and underscored the need for a robust and resilient agenda for this foundational digital infrastructure program The Africa Program focuses on economic, political, and transnational issues shaping Africa’s future.
Africa and AI: Artificial Intelligence as Development
Policymakers and legislators around the world are debating how to regulate artificial intelligence. Although the U.S., the European Union and China dominate coverage of this effort, a less-publicized but vital discourse about AI is taking place throughout Africa. In 2023 alone, there was an abundance of AI-focused conferences across the continent, including Deep Learning Indaba, AfricaAI Conference 2023 and the field-shaping 11th International Conference on Learning Representations.
Tracking Progress of the U.S. Digital Transformation With Africa Initiative
The Digital Transformation with Africa (DTA) initiative was launched as part of the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit hosted by U.S. President Joe Biden in December 2022. Now in its second year, DTA has ushered in pledges of $800 million ($350 million in investments and $450 million in finance facilitation) to accelerate digital transformation in Africa through three streams: digital economy and infrastructure, human capital development, and the digital enabling environment.
Kenya Is at an Inflection Point. It Needs a New Path to Progress.
blog Emissary harnesses Carnegie’s global scholarship to deliver incisive, nuanced analysis on the most pressing international affairs challenges. Since the turn of the century, Kenya has experienced significant changes in its social and economic landscape, with uneven impacts across all layers of society. The country, like many of its neighbors, has experienced a demographic shift, with an increasing number of educated, tech-savvy, and connected young people.
A New Chapter in U.S.-Kenya Relations Links Silicon Valley and Silicon Savannah
Ruto’s state visit to Washington resulted in a historic foreign policy moment with technology cooperation at its core. Now, the Kenyan president has the enormous responsibility to capitalize on these opportunities. blog Emissary harnesses Carnegie’s global scholars to deliver incisive, nuanced analysis on the most pressing international affairs challenges.
Rewiring the U.S.-Africa Tech Landscape: An Annual Review of the Digital Transformation with Africa Initiative
During the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit, the Biden administration unveiled a “signature initiative” with the launch of the Digital Transformation With Africa (DTA) program. With financial commitments of over $350 million in investment and $450 million more in financing facilitation, DTA aims to close the digital gap in Africa through investment across three core areas: the digital economy and infrastructure, human capital development, and the digital enabling environment.
How the United States Can Effectively Implement Its New Digital Transformation With Africa Initiative
Introduction Digital technologies are set to shape African economies and unleash economic growth opportunities, including opening new markets for the United States and other partners, in the coming years.
TechTank Podcast Episode 61: What to expect for big tech, broadband, anti-trust, and other tech issues under the new Congress
The 118th Congress is now in full swing after a long and contentious vote for the Speaker of the House, which ultimately was earned by House Republican Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) in a slim majority from his party. In addition to his election, Congressman Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY) became the first Black, Democratic House Minority leader, whose role will be challenged by the Republican takeover of the House.
TechTank Podcast Episode 60: Is it time to regulate social media platforms and search engines?
Social media platforms and search engines have increasingly become a major information hub. These platforms allow users to receive information while also sharing materials with a wide range of individuals. Yet, it is not clear how much responsibility these sites bear for the material published or the search recommendations made by their algorithms. In 1996, Congress enacted legislation that shields internet providers from legal liability for information published on their sites.
Technology’s impact on financial inclusion is not what you think
Since the first iteration of the Global Findex survey in 2011, the share of adults in developing economies with a financial account has risen to 71%—an increase of more than 50 percentage points. While that growth is worth celebrating, the total numbers hide significant differences in how and why adults today in developing economies are accessing and using financial services.
TechTank Podcast Episode 59: Technology adoption in Africa: current and future use cases for development
Conversations around the tech industry typically focus on the United States, largely ignoring Africa despite its status as the world’s second largest continent. Over decades, Africa has increased the number of residents that are connected to the internet. Researchers have estimated that at least a quarter of the population of Africa has internet access, with some perspective that three quarters of residents will be connected by 2030.
How Will U.S.-China Tech Decoupling Affect Africa’s Mobile Phone Market?
The African continent’s growing population is increasingly connecting to the internet. Between 2019 and 2021, internet use in Africa grew by 23 percent. Still, only about 33 percent of the population are active internet users, leaving an estimated 900 million people without the web’s digital dividends.
To Close Africa’s Digital Divide, Policy Must Address the Usage Gap
After a two-year hiatus due to the coronavirus pandemic, the Mobile World Congress (MWC22) was held in March in Barcelona. This year’s conference tag line, “connectivity unleashed,” showcased the power and possibilities of 5G through virtual reality, metaverse, and AI-related applications. Beyond the exciting experiential moments that these technological displays provided, they also pointed to the realities of the digital divide.
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