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Introduction Animals select actions based on incoming sensory information, their current state, and past experience to achieve goals. Experiences modify behavior to promote the repetition of actions associated with positive outcomes and suppress those associated with bad outcomes. Nevertheless, it is also advantageous to maintain flexibility and adjust behavior if the environment changes and to exploit new opportunities as they arise.
Abstract The basal ganglia (BG) are an evolutionarily conserved and phylogenetically old set of sub-cortical nuclei that guide action selection, evaluation, and reinforcement. The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major BG output nucleus that contains a population of GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons (EPSst+) that specifically target the lateral habenula (LHb) and whose function in behavior remains mysterious.
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