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1 Introduction According to a well-established view in both cognitive psychology and the philosophy of language, a substance is to be categorized as an instance of a natural kind if and only if it shares the presumed scientific essence responsible for the superficial features of that natural kind (e.g., Gelman, 2003; Kripke, 1980; Putnam, 1975).
1 Introduction Putnam (1975) once asked us to imagine a faraway planet, Twin Earth, that is identical to our planet in all respects except one: there is a difference in the chemical composition of the substance called “water.” On our planet, the substance is composed of H2O. On Twin Earth, it is composed of a different chemical compound, abbreviated as XYZ. In a similar vein, Kripke (1980) once asked us to imagine an animal that looks and behaves exactly like a tiger.
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