1 Introduction Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the second most common primary liver malignancy, poses a significant therapeutic challenge due to its rising global incidence and persistently dismal prognosis.[1] Although radical surgical resection offering the only potential cure, fewer than 40% of patients are eligible at the time of diagnosis.[2] For the majority with advanced disease, systemic chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment; however, the standard...
