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Abstract The brain is energetically expensive. Energy availability may, therefore, determine whether costly cognitive processes such as long-term memory can be expressed. However, there is a limited understanding of the metabolic costs associated with long-term memory formation. Here, we explored the potential induced costs of long-term memory formation using honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a model species.
Abstract The muscles that effect lung ventilation are key to understanding the evolutionary constraints on animal form and function. Here, through electromyography, we demonstrate a newly discovered respiratory function for the iliocostalis muscle in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The iliocostalis is active during expiration when breathing on land at 28°C and this activity is mediated through the uncinate processes on the vertebral ribs.
INTRODUCTIONThe primitive mode of ventilation in amniotes is costal aspiration, which uses the motion of the ribs and sternum driven by the axial musculature to ventilate the lungs (Janis and Keller, 2001; Brainerd, 2015).
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