Introduction Extensive contamination of the environment has resulted from the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in industrial and consumer products (e.g., paper and food packaging, nonstick products, chrome plating, aqueous film-forming foam [AFFF], textiles) and their unique hydrophobic and lipophobic properties.(1) Long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; i.e., perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] and longer) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs; i.e., perfluorohexane...