1 Introduction The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) was among the earliest animals domesticated by humans, with a history extending back more than 15,000 years (Bergström et al. 2020; Feuerborn et al. 2021; Frantz et al. 2016; Sinding et al. 2020). Adaptation to human social environments has driven substantial divergence between dogs and their wild ancestor, the gray wolf (Bergström et al. 2022), particularly in diet (Axelsson et al. 2013; Granado et al. 2023), social cognition (Hare et al.
