CAFs cancer-associated fibroblasts DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ FAP fibroblast activation protein alpha FFPE Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded H&E Haematoxylin and Eosin IDC invasive ductal carcinoma IHC immunohistochemistry OD optical density ROI regions of interest Introduction The advancement in mammography significantly raised the detection rate of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which is believed to be a non-obligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
