Introduction In the past few decades, the rapid development of spinal internal fixation has made it a standard of surgical treatment in orthopedics. Described by King in 19481 and introduced by Roy-Camille et al. for lumbar spinal fusion in 1986,2 the use of screws has become increasingly widespread in spinal surgery for various vertebral diseases. The accuracy and safety of screws were well established,3-5 while complications were also indicated intraoperatively or postoperatively.
