1 Introduction Solid tumors establish an intricate internal landscape characterized by staggered biochemical profiles, a multifaceted heterogeneity that serves as a primary catalyst for metastasis and disease recurrence [1-5]. Particularly, the non-uniform gradients of oxygen partial pressure throughout this architecture act as a decisive barrier, fundamentally constraining the reach and lethality of oxygen-reliant interventions like clinically approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) [6-10].
