Abstract Glaucoma is the leading global cause of irreversible blindness, with its pathogenesis extending far beyond elevated intraocular pressure. Dysregulation of the intraocular immune system plays a central role in the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells. This review systematically examines the research progress on key intraocular immune pathways in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, with a primary focus on immune-inflammatory responses mediated by microglia, astrocytes, and T cells.
