Introduction Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally, serving as a major modifiable risk factor for adverse outcomes such as stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease,1 and imposes a heavy economic and medical burden on society.2 Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, aging, dyslipidemia, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, psychological stress, and unhealthy lifestyle factors.3...
