1. Introduction In recent years, global supply chains have faced greater challenges than ever before due to a variety of external factors, including COVID-19, geopolitical tensions, increased volatility in commodity prices, and rapid changes in consumer demand. According to a McKinsey survey of 60 senior supply chain executives from a variety of companies in the post-COVID-19 era, the most respondents experienced supply chain problems as a result of COVID-19 [1].
