Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Yang F, Zhao M, Ding L, Li Y, Wang J (2026) A domain knowledge-enhanced lightweight transformer for automatic identification of land-use conflicts in territorial spatial planning texts. PLoS One 21(10): e0359870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359870 Editor: Issa Atoum, Philadelphia University, JORDAN Received: June 26, 2026; Accepted: September 18, 2026; Published: October 1, 2026 Copyright: © 2026 Yang et al.