1 Introduction High-tide flooding refers to often recurrent, mostly minor and disruptive coastal inundation related to sea-level rise (Moftakhari et al., 2017; Sweet et al., 2022), which adversely impacts lives, property, and commerce (Buchanan et al., 2020; Campbell et al., 2021; Corkran et al., 2023; Fant et al., 2021; Hino et al., 2019; Kasmalkar et al., 2020; McAlpine & Porter, 2018; Mueller et al., 2024; Praharaj et al., 2021; Shen & Kim, 2020; Wdowinski et al., 2016).