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Abstract Lab-scale wastewater treatment studies, including urine recovery, often rely on oversimplified synthetic wastewater, thereby compromising the reliability of results and data. Here, we systematically evaluate how using full-component versus simplified synthetic urine formulations affects the performance and engineering-economic assessment of bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Our findings reveal that simplification fundamentally alters fouling mechanisms.
As a journalist, you can create a free Muck Rack account to customize your profile, list your contact preferences, and upload a portfolio of your best work.