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Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description eea70188-sup-0001-FigureS1-S2.docxWord 2007 document , 1.4 MB Figure S1: Different views of the three-dimensional reconstructions of glomeruli in the female O. furnacalis.
Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains a therapeutic challenge due to its “immune cold” phenotype, defined by a desmoplastic fortress and profound T cell exclusion. This review characterizes the multi layered immune escape mechanisms, ranging from defective antigen presentation to the recruitment of suppressive myeloid cells and fibroblasts. We detail how physical barriers and the gut-liver axis conspire to maintain immune invisibility.
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