1 INTRODUCTION The significance of oil shale as a crucial supplementary and alternative energy source to crude oil is unparalleled, making it an indispensable component in the energy development and utilization strategies of numerous countries, particularly China, Estonia, and Brazil.1-3 About 140 × 104 tones shale oil can be produced per year through the oil shale retorting industry.4, 5 According to the pyrolysis characteristic, the retorting processes can be categorized into gas heat...