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The Hubble Space Telescope marks its 25th anniversary this week. Nasa wanted an observatory free of the atmosphere's distortion and light pollution, and sent Hubble into orbit on 24 April 1990, aboard space shuttle Discovery. Excitement turned into agony when it quickly became apparent that the telescope's primary mirror had been botched during manufacturing, resulting in blurry "eyesight". Three years later, a team of astronauts managed to restore Hubble's vision with replacement parts.
In April 2014, Hubble data was used to weigh the largest known galaxy cluster in the distant universe—catalogued as ACT-CL J0102-4915—finding it lives up to its nickname, El Gordo (Spanish for "the fat one"). By measuring how much the cluster's gravity warps images of galaxies in the distant background, astronomers calculated El Gordo's mass to be as much as three million billion times the mass of our sun—roughly 43 percent more massive than earlier estimates.
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