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1 INTRODUCTION Pancreatic islets are micro-organs dispersed throughout the pancreatic tissue, accounting for 1%–2% of wet weight mass in this organ.1, 2 Within islets, β cells are relatively more abundant than the other cell types (α, γ, δ and ɛ cells). The proportion and distribution of β cells relative to the other islet cell types are different in humans compared to rodents.
Mitochondrial metabolism is a major determinant of insulin secretion from pancreatic ?-cells. Type 2 diabetes evolves when ?-cells fail to release appropriate amounts of insulin in response to glucose. This results in hyperglycemia and metabolic dysregulation. Evidence has recently been mounting that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in these processes. Monogenic dysfunction of mitochondria is a rare condition but causes a type 2 diabetes-like syndrome owing to ?-cell failure.
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