1 INTRODUCTION Beyond their roles in regulating reproduction, androgens and estrogens are potent neuromodulators influencing a wide variety of brain functions, including processes involved in learning and memory.1, 2 Both types of sexual steroid hormones exert their functions via various types of steroid receptors, which mediate cellular responses age-, sex-, and even cell-type-specifically.3 For estrogens, functions of two types of receptors, belonging to the nuclear transcription factor...
