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Articles by Max Hoffman
Why Are Golang Heaps So Complicated
Heaps are commonly used to partially sort a set. Every insertion/deletion from the set is followed by a "fixup" to restore either min-heap or max-heap integrity. For example, a max-heap can be represented as a binary tree where every parent is "greater" than its children. It usually takes a small number of swaps to "fixup" a tree to restore the max-heap property after an insertion or deletion.
Northern Syria Security Dynamics and the Refugee Crisis
Introduction and summary The Syrian conflict, now entering its second decade, has cost more than 500,000 lives and forced 13 million Syrian civilians to flee their homes—more than half the prewar population—including 6.6 million who are refugees outside the country. This profound humanitarian crisis also threatens the stability of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey.
Flashpoints in U.S.-Turkey Relations in 2021
Introduction and summary Relations between Turkey and its Western allies in the United States and Europe have been on a steady downward trajectory for some eight years. While Presidents Donald Trump and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan established a measure of rapport, their highly personalized dealings only papered over the structural differences undermining the relationship.
The Turkish Diaspora in Europe
Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s. The questions of immigration, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migration and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive.
Turkey’s President Erdoğan Is Losing Ground at Home
Introduction and summary Despite a recent bump in his approval rating—an uptick shared by many leaders around the world during the coronavirus crisis—a substantial body of evidence shows that Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is losing ground domestically under the pressure of a cratering economy, an ongoing refugee crisis, and his long-term incumbency.
Analysis | Turkey issued new rules for social media. That may mean that media censorship wasn’t working.
Turkey’s parliament on July 29 passed legislation effectively banning Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube — unless they comply with government censorship. Under the rules, expected to take effect on Oct. 1, every major social media platform will need to appoint a local representative in Turkey and respond quickly to court orders to block or remove content. Companies that fail to designate a representative could face hefty fines and see their bandwidth cut by up to 90 percent.
Turkey’s Changing Media Landscape
Introduction and summary A dominant narrative that has come out of Turkey in recent years highlights how President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has consolidated control over the news media. Numerous human rights reports document how the Turkish government has sought to muzzle the press, whether by imprisoning journalists, eliminating news outlets, or overseeing the purchase of media brands by pro-government conglomerates.
Turkish Conservatives’ Loyalty to Erdoğan and Views on Potential Successors
Turkey’s relations with the United States and the European Union are at a nadir amid deep concern about President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s autocratic drift, aggressively unilateral foreign policy, and coziness with Russia.
'A particularly inappropriate time': Trump to welcome Erdogan despite Syria attack
WASHINGTON – President Donald Trump will welcome Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to the White House on Wednesday just weeks after the authoritarian leader invaded Syria and attacked U.S.-allied Kurdish forces, unleashing fresh violence and chaos in the Middle East.
Trump’s Syria Shambles
President Donald Trump’s October 6, 2019, decision to withdraw U.S. troops from northeastern Syria has thrown a previously stabilized part of the war-torn country back into chaos. This rash decision—absent any coordination with U.S. allies or Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) partners on the ground—paved the way for a long-threatened Turkish incursion into Syria.
The State of the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict
Introduction and summary The past five years have seen dramatic shifts in U.S. and Turkish policy toward Kurdish political and military actors, both within Turkey and in neighboring Syria and Iraq. These shifts were driven by a complex convergence of domestic Turkish political trends and a rapidly shifting regional picture.
Responding to Turkey’s Purchase of Russia’s S-400 Missile System
The United States and Turkey have been at odds for at least six years, driven by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s descent into autocracy; his assertive brand of Turkish nationalism and anti-American rhetoric; and repeated clashes between the two nations over how to handle the Syrian civil war. This prolonged crisis in relations between the two NATO allies is now entering a new, decisive phase.
Trump’s Chaotic Syrian Withdrawal is a Big Mistake
Max Hoffman Security, Middle East The Trump administration’s endgame is desperately unclear. Trump’s Chaotic Syrian Withdrawal is a Big Mistake President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw all U.S. diplomats and military forces from Syria is a strategic mistake. American troops were never going to stay in Syria indefinitely, but a smart, phased approach could have better-protected allies and partners and maintained U.S. credibility. This is not that smart approach.
Trump’s Chaotic Syrian Withdrawal is a Big Mistake
President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw all U.S. diplomats and military forces from Syria is a strategic mistake. American troops were never going to stay in Syria indefinitely, but a smart, phased approach could have better-protected allies and partners and maintained U.S. credibility. This is not that smart approach.
Turkey Sanctions: Navigating A Historic Bilateral Crisis
Three experts examine the past drivers and near-term consequences of Washington’s rapidly escalating diplomatic conflict with Ankara. On August 16, Amanda Sloat, Max Hoffman, and Steven Cook addressed a Policy Forum at The Washington Institute. Sloat is a Robert Bosch Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Center on the United States and Europe. Hoffman is the associate director of national security and international policy at the Center for American Progress.
How Turkey Can Ensure a Successful Energy Transition
Turkey needs to transition its energy system rapidly in order to reduce its reliance on imports, which account for 3 out of 4 units of Turkey’s total primary energy supply. With a growing population and economy, the country’s imported energy costs have reached alarming levels, driving a significant share of Turkey’s current account deficit.
Erdoğan Not Assured of First-Round Victory
In April, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for snap elections expecting to solidify his rule under new constitutional powers. Yet with less than two weeks to go until the June 24 vote, he does not have majority support from Turkish voters. Likewise, Erdoğan’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) and party allies remain short of majority control ahead of the parliamentary elections scheduled for the same day.
Is Turkey Experiencing a New Nationalism? - Center for American Progress
Despite sharp disagreements within the Turkish public about the overall direction of the country and its political leadership, a comprehensive new public opinion study by the Center for American Progress finds broad consensus among Turks about the dimensions of Turkish national self-perception and the nation’s relationship to the rest of the world.
Turkey's 'New Nationalism' Amid Shifting Politics
From the outside, Turkey has the hallmarks of a consolidating authoritarian regime. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan exercises near absolute control through the parliamentary majority of his Justice and Development Party (AKP), his influence over a politicized judiciary, and a stranglehold on news media and political dissent. President Erdoğan was further granted expansive emergency powers by Turkish Parliament in the wake of the July 15, 2016, coup attempt.
Potential Turkish Military Move on Afrin Risks Wider War - Center for American Progress
It is looking more likely that Turkish forces will make a military move on Afrin, the Syrian Kurdish-controlled canton in northwest Syria, in an effort to root out the Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG), a force that Ankara labels as terrorists. Such a move could trigger a new, bloody phase of the long-running Syrian civil war. Afrin has long been a point of tension for Turkey.
The Process Behind Turkey’s Proposed Extradition of Fethullah Gülen
The U.S. Department of Justice headquarters building is photographed early in the morning on May 14, 2013. It is hard to overstate the gravity of what happened in Turkey during the failed July 15 coup attempt. More than 270 people were killed and thousands wounded in clashes related to the attempted overthrow of the elected government.
Turkey’s Digital Divides
A tourist uses her phone to take a picture inside the Byzantine-era Hagia Sophia in Istanbul on May 10, 2015. Turkey is emblematic of the promise of the digital revolution that is now sweeping through similarly emerging middle-income democracies around the world. Yet its approach to expanding internet penetration is shaped by its own set of political and social conditions.
Introducing the Task Force
Turkey and Europe have a wealth of human capital — there is no shortage of expertise on Turkey and its ties to Europe given their long history together. But the Turkey 2023 Trilateral Task Force aims to bring together a new generation of scholars and policy experts to tackle the long-term challenges facing Turkey’s integration with Europe. Here are some of the experts involved.
Climate change and how it triggered the African migrant flood
The migrant crisis in the Mediterranean is symptomatic of deep dislocation in the Sahel region and sub-Saharan Africa — dislocation exacerbated by climate change. Climate change is affecting such basic environmental conditions as rainfall patterns and temperatures and is contributing to more frequent natural disasters like floods and droughts. Over the long term, these changing conditions can undermine the rural livelihoods of farming, herding and fishing.
Cause behind African migrant flood has terrifying implications for the world
The migrant crisis in the Mediterranean is symptomatic of deep dislocation in the Sahel region and sub-Saharan Africa — dislocation exacerbated by climate change. Climate change is affecting such basic environmental conditions as rainfall patterns and temperatures and is contributing to more frequent natural disasters like floods and droughts. Over the long term, these changing conditions can undermine the rural livelihoods of farming, herding and fishing.
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