Scientific Research Publishing (SCIRP)

1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes is the metabolic disorder with a chronic high blood glucose level [1]. This could yet provoke serious clinical complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy, subsequently leading to blindness, renal failure, amputation, coma, and death [2] [3]. Nearly 50 million US population might have diabetes (including undiagnosed) in 2025 and its incidence keeps rising every year [4].

Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs) have become the focal point of a renewed great-power competition in long-range strike capability. Unlike traditional ballistic re-entry vehicles, HGVs spend the majority of their flight in the upper atmosphere at Mach numbers between 5 and 25, executing manoeuvres that render conventional missile defence architectures largely ineffective.

1. Introduction The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of metalloproteins are a related class of heme-containing enzymes responsible for up to 80% - 90% of the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, and span three distinct families: CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 [1] [2].

1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common and serious condition worldwide. It can progress to end-stage renal disease. Aging, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are common and significant risk factors. Because severe renal failure is incompatible with life, renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation should be initiated at this stage [1].

1. Introduction Phaseolus coccineus L., commonly known as ayocote bean, is a legume native to Mesoamerica. This species has been cultivated since pre-Hispanic times in the Mexican highlands, where it has adapted to diverse agroclimatic conditions [1]. As a result of this adaptation, it exhibits wide phenotypic variability, particularly in seed size and color, which can be black, purple, brown, cream, white, or mottled [2].

1. Introduction Polymers are high-molecular-weight macromolecules composed of numerous repeating structural units (monomers) linked predominantly by covalent bonds (Gedde et al., 2025; Haque et al., 2022; Gandini & Lacerda, 2021).

Bivariate survival data with dependent event times and censored observations are common in medical research. Traditional survival analysis methods cannot effectively capture such dependence structures. In this paper, we propose bivariate Clayton Weibull (BCW) and bivariate Clayton exponential (BCE) models based on the Clayton copula under Type II censoring. Parameter estimation is performed using maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian MCMC methods.

1. Introduction Reconstructing a continuous surface from sparse measurements is a fundamental problem in computational mathematics, numerical modeling, computer vision, medical imaging, and scientific visualization [1] [2]. In a depth map, valid depth values may be missing due to occlusion, specular reflections, transparency, weak texture, range limitations, or sensor noise [3].

1. Introduction Anthropogenic climate change, driven by the sustained increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, is imposing unprecedented constraints on global agricultural systems, further compounded by the progressive decline in arable land availability and soil quality.

1. Introduction In the context of digital transformation of education, large-scale online learning has become a key path to improve students’ information literacy and digital capabilities (Gyekye, 2025).