Introduction Coral reefs worldwide have been under increasing levels of stress due to warming ocean temperatures and changes in ocean chemistry (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007; Hughes et al., 2018). Thermal stress coupled with increases in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, such as storms and flooding, can lead to coral bleaching and subsequent mortality (Loya et al., 2001; Couch et al., 2017) or physical destruction of coral reefs (Woodley et al., 1981; Pascoe et al., 2021).
