1 Introduction Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in innate immunity as transmembrane receptors[1-3] that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).[4-7] These receptors could recognizing and responding to microbial components by form high-order assemblies.[4-10] Humans possess ten identified TLR family members, while mice have ≈12.[11, 12] Each TLR features an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a single transmembrane segment, and an intracellular Toll/IL-1R...
