1 Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a severe public health problem worldwide, with an estimated 64.3 million patients, which is increasing along with the aging of the population (Bragazzi et al. 2021; Braunwald 2015). It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Ponikowski et al. 2016). With medical advances, outcomes for patients with HF have improved significantly, but the impact of HF remains significant and places a heavy burden on healthcare systems (Bragazzi et al. 2021).
