Introduction Although competition has long been a central concept in the design of economic markets and democratic systems (Schumpeter, 1942), it has recently become popular as a tool to govern organizations more broadly. Under the guise of ‘marketization’, governments let several providers compete in order to provide a wide range of products and services – from garbage collection to schooling, healthcare, elder care and military services (Hood & Dixon, 2015; Kjaer, 2015; Singer, 2003).
