Introduction Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder worldwide, particularly concerning in vulnerable populations such as maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients—a life-sustaining renal replacement therapy for individuals with end-stage renal disease.1 It is characterized by dry stools, reduced defecation frequency, excessive straining during defecation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain.2 Reported prevalence rates of constipation among MHD patients range from 25.9% to...
