Peter Stern
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Articles by Peter Stern
In Science Journals
Geoscience Ecological damage in an unfrozen land Ancient DNA Ancient travelers Exoplanets An asymmetric exoplanet atmosphere Organic Chemistry A triplet bridge Biogeography Origins of global plant diversity Quantum Dynamics Classical strikes back Immune Checkpoints Trapped T cell checkpoints Women’s Health Temperature over time Sleep Oscillating patterns in sleep Evolution A deep dive into plant history Endocrinology Brain mechanism of sexual maturation Neuroscience Large rewards speed up...
In Science Journals
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Wildfires Unfueling the fires Jesse Smith Prescribed burns can help remove fuel, thus mitigating damage from wildfires. PHOTO: RAYMOND GEHMAN/GETTY IMAGES Wildfires have increased dramatically in number, severity, and extent over recent decades, leading to greater health, environmental, and economic damage. There has been considerable debate about how best to minimize fire activity to mitigate these negative impacts. Strabo et al.
By Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Banabir Pal, Martin Lebrat, Jesse R. Smith, Phil Szuromi, Michael Funk Verified, Jack Huang, Peter Stern Verified, Angela Hessler, Jelena Stajic Verified, Jake Yeston Verified, Christiana N. Fogg, YURY SULEYMANOV, Mattia Maroso, Di Jiang, Sarah Ross, Bianca Lopez, Courtney S. Malo, Annalisa M. VanHook Verified
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Science Magazine
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Conservation A devil of a rescue Corinne Simonti Historic supplementation of wild Tasmanian devil populations has increased genetic diversity without signs of swamping local ancestry. PHOTO: SUZI ESZTERHAS VIA MINDEN PICTURES A major concern in threatened populations is that reduced genetic diversity will accelerate declines, particularly in the face of disease. However, the introduction of new individuals can result in loss of localized genetic diversity. Schraven et al.
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Neuroscience Food for thought Peter Stern Food ingestion in mammals usually starts with biting, followed by chewing and then swallowing. These behaviors are executed by muscles of the jaw and tongue, which are controlled by motor nuclei in the pons, medulla, and cervical spinal cord. However, the circuits for chewing are largely elusive. Sungeelee et al.
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Neuroscience Multisensory memories Peter Stern In everyday life, we easily form speech memories during casual conversations. Remembering what someone said and how they said it requires the brain to form an integrated multisensory representation of speech. Theta oscillations in the neocortex and the hippocampus are important for episodic memory formation. Biau et al.
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Neuroscience You see what you expect Peter Stern Feedback from higher-level visual processing centers in the brain influences the early stages of object recognition. PHOTO: EYEEM MOBILE GMBH/ISTOCK PHOTO Visual recognition is thought to start with basic object features in the primary visual cortex, reaching the level of object representation at higher cortical areas after processing. However, there is increasing evidence for top-down influences in these pathways. Altavini et al.
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Topological Optics Viewing topology in higher dimensions Ian S. Osborne Artistic depiction of a four-dimensional regular lattice that forms a quasicrystalline pattern with fivefold symmetry when projected in two dimensions. The symmetry and topology of physical systems are closely related to the symmetries governing the topological properties. Quasicrystals are ordered systems but have no translation or rotational symmetries.
By Shixin Ma, Léa Meneu, Hongbo Liu, Ian S. Osborne Verified, Michael Funk Verified, Madeleine Seale, Corinne N. Simonti, Peter Stern Verified, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Annalisa M. VanHook Verified, Hannah M. Isles, Sarah Ross, Di Jiang, Caroline Ash Verified, Sacha Vignieri Verified, Marc S. Lavine Verified, Melissa Norton
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Science Magazine
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Neuroscience Visualizing human glymphatic pathways Peter Stern Contrast dye confirms the presence of a glymphatic pathway in humans that is involved in circulating cerebrospinal fluid. PHOTO: E. YAMAMOTO ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A. (2024) 121 (42) E2407246121/CC BY-NC-ND Experiments in rodents have shown cerebrospinal fluid tracer flow through the subarachnoid space and into brain parenchyma along periarterial spaces.
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Neuroscience Another limitation of working memory Peter Stern Monkeys experience similar challenges in working memory to humans, including erroneously swapping one detail for another. PHOTO: PURIPAT PENPUN/GETTY IMAGES The well-known limitations of working memory are attributed to the drift of memories over time and the forgetting of items. However, a third type of error, the so-called swap error, is not well understood.
Getting Democrats Elected - When We Fight We Win!
This is going to be a close election, and Kamala Harris, Tim Walz, and really everyone at the DNC came together to say they need our help to win. Every little bit counts, and this is too important to sit around and hope for the best. What Tim is saying is that it’s going to take all of us pitching in to win. We won’t win the election on our own, but millions of us each making a little bit of progress will ultimately get us to our goal. But what does that mean in practice?
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Neuroscience Melatonin receptors and REM sleep Peter Stern Activating melatonin receptors promotes REM sleep in rats. PHOTO: BILANOL/ISTOCK PHOTO The rapid eye movement (REM) stage is an essential component of sleep. It regulates not only memory consolidation and learning, but also emotional processing and movement. There are two types of melatonin receptors in the mammalian brain, MT1 and MT2.
President Trump survived despite security blunders
The Secret Service and FBI should have had better surveillance over the area. With all their specialized equipment, technique and protocols, they should have been able to spot this guy immediately via aerial surveillance while staging himself on the roof prior to the shooting. Even after the president was hit, Secret Service took too long to get Trump safely away from the area. If there had been a second shooter, Trump would be dead.
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Political Science Political legacy of technological innovation Brad Wible Conservative voting expanded in counties above the Ogallala Aquifer after center-pivot irrigation was introduced in the 1950s. PHOTO: VOLODYMYR ROZUMIIISTOCK PHOTO Support for conservative politics in parts of the rural US has roots in groundwater and the spread of agricultural technology.
By W. Brad Ruzicka, Chengyu Deng, Cindy Wen, Brad Wible Verified, Caroline Ash Verified, Jesse R. Smith, Yevgeniya Nusinovich, Priscilla Kelly Verified, Peter Stern Verified, Sacha Vignieri Verified, Ian S. Osborne Verified, Brent Grocholski Verified
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Science Magazine
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Neuroscience Varied responses to adenosine Peter Stern Fluorescence microscopy image of a mouse brain section revealing cortical layer 6 neurons, colored in green PHOTO: PHIL ANG AND MAX TISCHFIELD Layer 6 of the rat medial prefrontal cortex remains a largely unexplored brain region with a heterogeneous cellular composition. Ding et al. characterized two functionally and morphologically different types of excitatory neurons in this region based on their dendritic arborization patterns.
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Black Hole Physics Infrared shows stars being ripped apart Keith T. Smith Tidal disruption events revealed by infrared imaging show that they are more common than previously believed. IMAGE: SCIENCE HISTORY IMAGES / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when a star is ripped apart by the gravitational field of a supermassive black hole. Most TDEs are identified in soft x-ray or optical observations, which are not sensitive to events obscured by dust. Masterton et al.
Small and mighty: The hypothalamus
The image depicts the main functions regulated by the hypothalamus. Temperature, sleep, eating, and social interactions are all controlled by this small, but mighty, area. ILLUSTRATION: GRACE RUSSELL If you pause for a second and think about the activities that occupy most of your day, presumably sleeping, eating, and engaging in social interactions are among the first that come to your mind.
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Neuroscience Segmented and reconstructed Peter Stern Segmentation allows a visual system to distinguish which regions of a visual scene belong to the background, which regions belong to different objects, and where the borders that constrain the regions of these objects are located. The brain uses a diversity of cues, including luminance, texture, disparity, and motion, to segregate objects from the background.
Not Just Another Trigger Finger
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Announcing the Public Preview of Predictive I/O for Updates
Up to 10x Performance Gains for MERGE, UPDATE, and DELETE by Piyush Revuri, Bart Samwel, Ala Luszczak, Lars Kroll, Polo-François Poli, Frank Munz and Himanshu Raja April 25, 2023 in Platform Blog Databricks continues to lead the industry in providing the best out-of-the-box price-performance for running data analytics workloads.
Announcing the Public Preview of Predictive I/O for Updates with Delta Deletion Vectors
Databricks continues to lead the industry in providing the best out-of-the-box price-performance for running data analytics workloads. Today, we are excited to announce the public preview of another innovative leap, Predictive I/O for Updates using Delta Lake Deletion Vectors, providing you with up to 10x faster MERGE, UPDATE, and DELETE query performance. In this blog, we explain how Predictive I/O using Deletion Vectors achieved this massive performance improvement.
In Science Journals
Neuroscience The mechanism underlying psychedelic action Peter Stern Psychedelic compounds promote cortical structural and functional neuroplasticity through the activation of serotonin 2A receptors. However, the mechanisms by which receptor activation leads to changes in neuronal growth are still poorly defined. Vargas et al.
Databricks ❤️ IDEs
Happy Valentine's Day! Databricks ❤️ Visual Studio Code. On this lovely day, we are thrilled to announce a new and powerful development experience for the Databricks Lakehouse Platform: the VS Code Extension for Databricks. This new extension enables developers to write code locally, leveraging the powerful authoring capabilities of the IDE, while connecting to Databricks clusters to run code remotely.
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Neuroscience Dynamic cortical Down states Peter Stern When asleep, under anesthesia, or in some damaged states, the brain exhibits slow oscillations. These alternate between active periods with neuronal firing called Up states and quiescent periods associated with unconsciousness called Down states. The mechanisms underlying alternations between Up and Down states are still not fully understood. Caramassa et al.
No neuron is an island
Open in viewer The brain is so much more than its constituent cells. Each neuron in the brain connects with thousands of other neurons—but instead of a cacophony of connections, we have a synchronized symphony. Coordination of the body’s myriad functions, behaviors, and thoughts requires large numbers of neurons to act cooperatively and not as isolated entities.
Top 5 Databricks Performance Tips
Intro As solutions architects, we work closely with customers every day to help them get the best performance out of their jobs on Databricks –and we often end up giving the same advice. It’s not uncommon to have a conversation with a customer and get double, triple, or even more performance with just a few tweaks. So what’s the secret? How are we doing this? Here are the top 5 things we see that can make a huge impact on the performance customers get from Databricks.
The many benefits of healthy sleep
Every night we lie down, close our eyes, and lose consciousness for several hours. We are not only inactive but also vulnerable. Modern society has long underrated sleep. Recently, we have seen a shift toward the appreciation of a good night’s sleep. The myth of the strong, successful individual who can get by with minimal time in bed or who skimps on sleep to get more done has by now been thoroughly debunked.
What makes familiar faces so special?
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Virtually changing brain
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 30 Jul 2021: Vol. 373, Issue 6554, pp. 530-531 DOI: 10.1126/science.373.6554.530-c Hippocampal theta oscillations in rodents profoundly affect neural activity, spatial coding, synaptic plasticity, and learning. What are the sensory mechanisms governing these slow oscillations? Safaryan and Mehta compared oscillations in the brains of rats trained to run a virtual reality–generated track with oscillations when the rats were running in real life.
Conserved spatial memory mechanisms
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Breathing in the brain
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 09 Jul 2021: Vol. 373, Issue 6551, pp. 176-177 DOI: 10.1126/science.373.6551.176-e The effect of respiration on brain activity is much discussed. Neuronal activity is fundamentally rhythmic, so are breathing rhythms entrained by typical neuronal oscillation patterns? Tort et al.
Representing space in past and future
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Neuronal activity asleep
Beyond down-regulating cortical activity, sleep also promotes long-term memory formation and the strengthening of synaptic connections. It is possible that both core sleep stages, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, contribute to these processes. Niethard et al. used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mice to assess the activity of large populations of cortical layer 2/3 cells during SWS and REM sleep.
Imagery and recall of faces
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 21 May 2021: Vol. 372, Issue 6544, pp. 804 DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6544.804-b In the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) of the primate brain, there are special visual areas for the recognition of faces. The role of VTC neurons in nonsensory visual processing such as imagery and recall is poorly understood. Khuvis et al.
A boost for brain-computer interfaces
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A brain circuit that drives and gates curiosity
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Unlearning reward responses
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 23 Apr 2021: Vol. 372, Issue 6540, pp. 357-358 DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6540.357-d We continually update associations between new stimuli and behavioral responses, but this also requires that old information is subject to a complementary process called extinction learning. We do not fully understand whether this means that an old response is suppressed before a new one can be established, or if a new behavior has to compete with old associations.
Recording many neurons for a long time
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How to model hallucinations in mice
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Framing anti-depressant action
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 02 Apr 2021: Vol. 372, Issue 6537, pp. 44-45 DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6537.44-f Essentially, all antidepressant drugs increase the expression and signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These drugs act through tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (TRKB), the receptor for BDNF, to regulate neuronal plasticity. Casarotto et al. investigated the potential interactions among TRKB, cholesterol, and antidepressants.
Left- and right-brain projections
Electrophysiological studies on upper limb movement and fine hand control in macaques are important in developing therapies for stroke. PHOTO: BLICKWINKEL/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO Multiple pathways transmit movement commands from the brain down the spinal cord. In mammals, especially in primates, the corticospinal tract is the dominant system. The powerful corticospinal connections enable fine dexterous abilities.
Brain disease and network reorganization
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 12 Feb 2021: Vol. 371, Issue 6530, pp. 688-689 DOI: 10.1126/science.371.6530.688-c Parkinson's disease (PD) offers an opportunity to study the interplay between compensatory functional and molecular mechanisms. Although postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors are up-regulated in PD, their importance in neural activity has never been identified.
The cells of songbird motor circuits
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Social Transmission of pain and relief
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Oscillations around memory
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 01 Jan 2021: Vol. 371, Issue 6524, pp. 40 DOI: 10.1126/science.371.6524.40-b Hippocampal oscillations in the theta range have been hypothesized to play a central role in organizing neuronal ensembles to link together item and contextual representations. Experimental evidence in rodents shows the importance of theta oscillations for associative memory. However, the role of hippocampal theta oscillations in human memory is not as well understood.
Memory consolidation in the neocortex
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 18 Dec 2020: Vol. 370, Issue 6523, pp. 1428-1430 DOI: 10.1126/science.370.6523.1428-l Information transfer between brain structures located in the medial-temporal lobe and the neocortex is essential for learning. However, the neuronal underpinnings of this transfer are unknown. Doron et al. found that neurons located in the deep layers of the perirhinal cortex exhibit increased firing after microstimulation upon learning (see the Perspective by Donato).
Restoring vision by stimulating the brain
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How a brain controls a computer
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 27 Nov 2020: Vol. 370, Issue 6520, pp. 1054-1055 DOI: 10.1126/science.370.6520.1054-d Most brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that use neuron recordings have analyzed the activity of those neurons that contribute directly to the decoded BCI output.
Higher-order thalamus input to the cortex
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Change with distance from the soma
Hippocampal neurons receive and integrate synaptic input along their dendritic tree. Inputs located near the cell soma or in the distal dendrite contribute differently to neuronal integration by a variety of mechanisms, including NMDA receptor (NMDAR)–dependent plasticity processes. Using superresolution microscopy, single-nanoparticle imaging, and glutamate uncaging, Ferreira et al.
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