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1 Introduction Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) manifests in the advanced stages of malignancies, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma, affecting nearly 50% of lung cancer patients during treatment. MPE predicts a poor median survival of 4–7 months after the diagnosis, significantly shorter than that of patients without pleural effusion [1].
This retrospective study included inpatients from Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital between January 2014 and May 2024. Patients with pleural effusion and underwent diagnostic thoracentesis were included in this study. Those with unclear or multiple etiologies were excluded. This study approved by the Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University (2018-ke-321, 2024-ke-502). Given the retrospective design of this study, the informed consent was not required for this study.
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