Bernard A. Gomes1, Chelsea Reichert Plaska1, Jefferson Ortega1 and Timothy M. Ellmore2* 1City College of New York (CUNY), United States 2Psychology, City College of New York (CUNY), United States Provisionally accepted: The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon. Working memory (WM) is an essential component of executive functions which depend on maintaining task-related information online for brief periods in both the presence and absence of interfering stimuli.