1 Introduction Facial expressions are a critical source of social information, providing details about others' internal states (Keltner et al. 2019). The neural time course of expression processing has been extensively studied using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and is often assumed to relate to expressions' perceived valence and arousal (e.g., Calvo, Marrero, et al. 2013; Calvo and Nummenmaa 2016; Durston and Itier 2021; Han et al. 2021; Schupp, Ohman, et al. 2004).