AI artificial intelligence B2B business to business B2C business to consumer CAC Customer Acquisition Cost CBMs Circular Business Models LTV Lifetime Value MLP Multilayer Perceptron OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer PaaS Product-as-a-Service 1 INTRODUCTION The circular economy promotes a transition away from wasteful, linear modes of production and consumption to systems with circular material flows that can significantly improve resource productivity (Ghisellini et al., 2016).