1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been established as a common, chronic metabolic syndrome and is the 9th leading cause of death worldwide.[1] According to the International Diabetes Federation, over 537 million adults (aged 20–79) had diabetes in 2021 with projections indicating a rise to 643 million by 2030.[2, 3] Moreover, high blood sugar (>7 mm) in diabetes can damage tissues resulting in comorbidities such as renal failure, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular and...