1 Introduction Amid global energy and climate challenges, advancing sustainable energy technologies is imperative. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is central to devices such as metal–air batteries and fuel cells, yet its slow kinetics hinder practical application [1-4]. The high cost and scarcity of precious metals (Pt) underscore the urgent need to develop high-performance non-precious metal ORR catalysts for advancing next-generation clean-energy technologies [5-7].
