1. Introduction In Europe, traffic and transport have a major impact on air quality, especially passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The amendment to the German Climate Protection Act, which came into force on 31 August 2021, tightens the existing climate targets and stipulates the goal of greenhouse gas neutrality by 2045 [1]. By 2030, total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are to be reduced by 65% compared with the 1990 levels, and by almost 50% in the transport sector.
