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We measure molecular vibrations with femtometer precision via resonance energy shifts using time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy. For a demonstration, a Raman process excites the A1g mode in gas-phase SF6 molecules with an amplitude of approximately 50fm, which is probed by a time-delayed soft-x-ray pulse at the sulfur L2,3 edge.
Abstract Electronic interactions play a fundamental role in atoms, molecular structure and reactivity. We introduce a general concept to control the effective electronic exchange interaction with intense laser fields via coupling to excited states. As an experimental proof of principle, we study the SF6 molecule using a combination of soft x-ray and infrared (IR) laser pulses.
Conjugal transfer of plasmid DNA from Gram-negative E. coli to Gram-positive bacteria has been reported before [13, 14], including B. licheniformis and thermophilic Bacillus strains [4, 14, 15], but no comprehensive study exists showing the versatility of this gene transfer method to introduce plasmids into various different species of mesophilic bacilli.
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