DISCUSSION The IDENTIFY study is the largest international prospective observational study on the investigation of suspected urinary tract cancer in secondary care. Bladder cancer was the most common cancer, with an adjusted prevalence of 24.7% in patients with haematuria. The rarer upper tract cancers, UTUC and renal cancer, accounted for ˜1% each. Urinary tract cancers were more prevalent in patients with VH, men, older patients, and those with a smoking history.