1 Introduction Flooding is the most frequently occurring and harmful natural hazard globally (Jenkins et al. 2018; Razavi et al. 2020). In England, pluvial flooding is the most widespread form of flooding, placing roughly 3.2 million properties at risk (Environment Agency 2021). Pluvial flooding—or surface water flooding as it is commonly known in the UK—occurs when the volume of rainfall exceeds the absorption capacity of the ground and the storm water drainage capacity (Archer and Fowler 2018).
