1 Introduction Stomata are produced through a series of cell state transitions in the developing epidermis. They are composed of a pair of guard cells and act as channels on the plant leaf surface (Chen and Torii 2023; Xia, Han, et al. 2024; Yang et al. 2024). They control the exchange of water vapour and carbon dioxide between the outside world and plants, thus influencing photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration (Pillitteri et al. 2007; Pillitteri and Torii 2012).
