1 Background TBI is a major global public health concern affecting many countries, including China (Gao et al. 2020). Worldwide, TBI is one of the leading causes of death and disability, particularly among young and middle-aged populations (Dewan et al. 2019). It is estimated that approximately 69 million people worldwide suffer from TBI each year, with TBI accounting for a significant proportion (GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators 2019).
