AVM average volume method CFD computational fluid dynamics CV control volume DOM discrete ordinates method DEM discrete element method RTE radiative transfer equation 1 Introduction Quicklime (CaO) plays a crucial role in various industrial applications, including steel manufacturing, wastewater treatment, and flue gas desulfurization. Its production is based on the thermal decomposition of limestone (CaCO3) through calcination, which is commonly carried out in shaft kilns.
