?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. Abstract Scanning 3D x-ray diffraction is a non-destructive synchrotron technique for mapping the 3D microstructure of polycrystalline materials where a focused hard x-ray beam is scanned across the sample to obtain spatially-resolved microstructure information.