1 INTRODUCTION In agricultural systems, herbicides play a critical role in weed management and maintaining crop productivity.1 However, their ecological consequences extend significantly beyond the intended targets, affecting various aspects of the ecosystem,2 influencing plant morphology,3 physiology,4 microbial communities5, 6 and non-target organisms,2, 7-9 including herbivore insect pests and beneficial insects.7, 10-12 Additionally, vegetation in field margins, uncultivated lands, and...
