We examined the determinants of early neonatal mortality in Afghanistan and found that birth size, multiple gestations, shorter birth interval, and younger (≤18 years) or older (≥35 years) maternal age were associated with higher likelihood of early neonatal mortality. On the other hand, antenatal care during pregnancy, facility delivery, paternal education level, and higher education level of women in the community had a protective effect against early neonatal mortality.