Abstract The solar cycle, also referred to as the solar magnetic activity cycle, represents a nearly periodic change in solar activity occurring approximately every 11 years, as evidenced by the observation of sunspot numbers. The terms solar maximum and minimum denote the phases of peak and trough sunspot activity, respectively. Solar Cycle 25 commenced in December 2019, starting with a minimum smooth sunspot number of 1.8, and is projected to persist until the conclusion of December 2030.
